LiNbO3 thin film optical waveguide device and process for producing the same

ABSTRACT

Disclosed herein is an optical waveguide device of LiNbO 3  which guides efficiently both or either of ordinary ray and extraordinary ray of visible light in the short wavelength region. It is prepared by forming an LiNbO 3  thin film optical waveguide on an LiNbO 3  substrate undoped or doped with MgO, with or without a base layer interposed between them, by liquid phase epitaxy which employs Li 2  O-B 2  O 3  as the flux.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to an LiNbO₃ thin film optical waveguide device and a process for producing the same. The device exhibits the waveguide function for ordinary ray only or for extraordinary ray only or for the light including extraordinary ray. Moreover, it absorbs short wavelength light (e.g. blue light) only a little.

2. Description of the Prior Art

There are available a variety of modern functional optical waveguide devices such as optical deflectors, optical modulators, and optical switches, which are based on LiNbO₃ crystal because of its outstanding electro-optical constant and nonlinear optical constant.

The optical waveguide of LiNbO₃ is usually formed by the metal diffusion process (which involves the step of selectively diffusing a metal such as titanium into the part where the optical waveguide is formed) or by the ion exchange (proton exchange) process.

The foregoing first process has a disadvantage that the resulting optical waveguide is liable to optical damage on account of the introduction of impurities such as titanium. In other words, a titanium-containing optical waveguide changes in refractive index (and hence becomes poor in characteristic properties) when it encounters a beam of intense light. Since the optical damage is more serious as the wavelength is shorter, it cannot be used for blue light in the visible region.

The foregoing second process also has a disadvantage of deteriorating the characteristic properties (e.g., electro-optical constant and nonlinear optical constant) of LiNbO₃. Moreover, its application is limited to an optical waveguide which is effective only for extraordinary ray.

The above-mentioned two processes, both of which are based on diffusion, do not permit one to independently select the width and depth of the waveguide and the distribution of refractive indices in the waveguide. This leads to a problem associated with difficulties in controlling the dimensions and shape and also in creating the stepwise distribution of refractive indices.

A conceivable way to address the foregoing problems is to form the optical waveguide by liquid phase epitaxy. With liquid phase epitaxy, it would be possible to control the depth with certainty and to create the sharp stepwise distribution of refractive indices.

There has been proposed a process for liquid phase epitaxy that employs a substrate of LiTaO₃ and grows LiNbO₃ on it from the molten solution containing Li₂ O-V₂ O₅ as the flux. This liquid phase epitaxy has a disadvantage that the resulting LiNbO₃ waveguide is poor in film quality and absorbs more light in the short wavelength region (blue light).

The present inventors investigated the reason why the LiNbO₃ thin film formed by liquid phase epitaxy absorbs short wavelength light. It was found that the light absorption is due to the entrance of a vanadium atom into the Nb site in the crystal of LiNbO₃ thin film. In this situation, the vanadium ion has the d electron (in the outer shell electron orbital) whose level is split by the crystal field, and transition from one level to another is the cause of light absorption in a specific wavelength region where light absorption should not occur naturally.

Meanwhile, U.S. Pat. No. 3,998,687 discloses a process for the liquid phase epitaxy of LiNbO₃ from a molten solution of Li₂ B₂ O₄ -Li₂ Nb₂ O₆. This process is intended to grow LiNbO₃ on an LiTaO₃ substrate by liquid phase epitaxy. The resulting LiNbO₃ does not selectively guide ordinary light only.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an abject of the present invention to provide an improved LiNbO₃ thin film optical waveguide device which absorbs a less amount of light in the short wavelength region.

It is another object of the present invention to provide an optical waveguide device which selectively guides ordinary ray almost entirely but guides extraordinary ray very little.

It is further another object of the present invention to provide an optical waveguide device of LiNbO₃ thin film formed on an LiNbO₃ substrate. It also guides extraordinary ray owing to its outstanding crystallinity and optical characteristics.

According to the present invention, the LiNbO₃ thin film optical waveguide device was completed on the basis of the following findings.

The LiNbO₃ thin film crystal has some Nb sites that permit the entrance of vanadium atoms. The resulting vanadium ion has the d electron (in the outer shell electron orbital) whose level is split by the crystal field, and transition from one level to another brings about the light absorption in a specific wavelength region where light absorption should not occur naturally.

The more LiNbO₃ is doped with MgO, the smaller its refractive indices n_(o) and n_(e) are for ordinary ray and extraordinary ray, respectively.

The LiNbO₃ thin film grown by liquid phase epitaxy on an MgO-doped LiNbO₃ substrate is superior in quality (such as crystallinity) to that grown on an undoped LiNbO₃ substrate.

The LimbO₃ thin film does not change in the refractive index n_(o) for ordinary ray even when it varies in the atomic ratio Li/Nb, whereas it increases in the refractive index n_(e) for extraordinary ray from its minimum value at the stoichiometric ratio Li/Nb ≈1 as its Li content decreases.

The first aspect of the present invention resides in an LiNbO₃ thin film optical waveguide device which comprises an MgO-doped LiNbO₃ substrate 1 and a waveguide 2 of thin film epitaxially grown on said substrate from LiNbO₃ which is free from impurity atoms whose outer shell orbital susceptible to the crystal field are unfilled with electrons, as shown in FIG. 1 which is a schematic sectional view.

The second aspect of the present invention resides in a method for producing an LiNbO₃ thin film optical waveguide device, said method comprising forming on an MgO-doped LiNbO₃ substrate 1 a thin film optical waveguide 2 of LiNbO₃ by liquid phase epitaxy which employs Li₂ O-B₂ O₃ as the flux.

The third aspect of the present invention resides in an LiNbO₃ thin film optical waveguide device which comprises a substrate 11 of LiNbO₃ which is undoped or doped with MgO or ZnO (similar to MgO in properties), a base layer 13 of LiNbO₃, and a thin film optical waveguide 12 of LiNbO₃, said base layer 13 being richer in Li than the thin film optical waveguide 12, as shown in FIG. 2 which is a schematic sectional view.

The fourth aspect of the present invention resides in an LiNbO₃ thin film optical waveguide device which comprises a substrate 21 of LiNbO₃ which is undoped or doped with MgO or ZnO (similar to MgO in properties), an MgO-doped base layer 23 of LiNbO₃, and a thin film optical waveguide 22 of LiNbO₃ which is undoped or doped with MgO in an amount less than MgO in the base layer or with ZnO and hence has greater refractive indices n_(o) and n_(e) for ordinary ray and extraordinary ray, respectively, than the base layer 23, as shown in FIG. 3 which is a schematic sectional view.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic sectional view showing an embodiment of the LiNbO₃ thin film optical waveguide device pertaining to the present invention,

FIG. 2 is a schematic sectional view showing an embodiment of the LiNbO₃ thin film optical waveguide device pertaining to the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a schematic sectional view showing an embodiment of the LiNbO₃ thin film optical waveguide device pertaining to the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic representation showing the relationship between the amount of MgO doped and the refractive indices of n_(o) and n_(e).

FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic representation showing the relationship between Li/Lb and the refractive index n_(e).

FIG. 6 is a graph showing the dependence of the light absorption coefficient on the wavelength.

FIG. 7 is a graph showing the dependence of the lattice mismatching and X-ray half band width on the amount of Li₂ O in the molten solution.

FIG. 8 is a ternary diagram showing the relationship between the crystallinity and the amounts of Li₂ O, B₂ O₃, and Nb₂ O₅ in the molten solution.

FIG. 9 is a diagrammatic representation showing the relationship between the refractive index n_(e) and the composition of the molten solution.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

According to the present invention, the LiNbO₃ thin film optical waveguide is designed to absorb a less amount of light in the short wavelength region. This object is achieved by using B₂ O₃ in place of V₂ O₅ as the flux for liquid phase epitaxy. In other words, the LiNbO₃ thin film crystal is free from an impurity that brings about light absorption. That is, vanadium ion has the d electron (in the outer shell electron orbital) whose level is split by the crystal field, and transition from one level to another is the cause of light absorption in a specific wavelength region where light absorption should not occur naturally. Moreover, B₂ O₃ used as the flux does not readily enter LiNbO₃.

According to the present invention, the LiNbO₃ optical waveguide has the refractive indices n_(o) and n_(e) for ordinary ray and extraordinary ray, respectively, both of which decrease with the increasing amount of MgO doped. FIG. 4 shows the dependence of the refractive indices n_(o) and n_(e) (at a wavelength λ of 633 nm) on the amount of MgO doped, with the LiNbO₃ substrate 1 having the congruent composition.

According to the present invention, the LiNbO₃ optical waveguide has the refractive index n_(e) for extraordinary ray which varies depending on the atomic ratio Li/Nb of Li and Nb constituting the LiNbO₃, whereas it also has the refractive index n_(o) for ordinary ray which hardly depends on the atomic ratio Li/Nb. FIG. 5 shows the dependence of the refractive index n_(e) for extraordinary ray (at a wavelength λ of 633 nm) on the atomic ratio Li/Nb.

Assuming that the LiNbO₃ substrate 1 has refractive indices of n_(os) and n_(es) for ordinary ray and extraordinary ray, respectively, and the LiNbO₃ thin film formed by liquid phase epitaxy has refractive indices of n_(o2) and n_(e2) for ordinary ray and extraordinary ray, respectively, then n_(o2) >n_(os) and n_(e2) ≈n_(es) or n_(e2) <n_(es), if proper selection is made of the amount of MgO to be doped into the LiNbO₃ substrate 1, the amount of MgO or ZnO to be doped into the LiNbO₃ thin film, and the Li/Nb atomic ratio. This makes it possible to produce the special LiNbO₃ thin film optical waveguide 2 which guides ordinary ray only.

The optical waveguide which guides ordinary ray only is less liable to optical damage.

The LiNbO₃ thin film 2 as the optical waveguide has a better quality when formed on the MgO-doped LiNbO₃ substrate 1 by liquid phase epitaxy than when formed on an undoped LiNbO₃ substrate by liquid phase epitaxy. This, combined with the liquid phase epitaxy that employs B₂ O₃ as the flux, results in the optical waveguide device which absorbs a less amount of light in the short wavelength region.

The optical waveguide as shown in FIG. 2 is made up of an LiNbO₃ substrate 11, a base layer 13, and a thin film optical waveguide 12, with the base layer 13 being richer in Li than the thin film optical waveguide 12. Assuming that the thin film optical waveguide 12 has refractive indices of n_(o2) and n_(e2) for ordinary ray and extraordinary ray, respectively, and the basic layer 13 has refractive indices of n_(o3) and n_(e3) for ordinary ray and extraordinary ray, respectively, then n_(e2) <n_(es), which permits the thin film optical waveguide 12 to guide at least extraordinary ray. In addition, assuming that the substrate 11 has a refractive index of n_(os) for ordinary ray, then n_(o2) >n_(o3) or n_(o2) ≈n_(o3) >n_(os), if proper selection is made of the dopant MgO or ZnO for the base layer 13 and the substrate 11 in relation to the LiNbO₃ thin film optical waveguide 12. In this case, the guide of ordinary ray is also accomplished by the base layer 13 and the thin film optical waveguide 12.

According to the present invention, the LiNbO₃ thin film optical waveguide device may have the structure as shown in FIG. 3. It is composed of an LiNbO₃ substrate 21 which is undoped or doped with MgO or ZnO, an LiNbO₃ base layer 23 which is doped with MgO so that it has low refractive indices n_(o3) and n_(e3) for ordinary ray and extraordinary ray, respectively, and an LiNbO₃ thin film optical waveguide 22 which is undoped or doped with a less amount of MgO (than in the base layer 23) or doped with a proper amount of ZnO so that it has refractive indices n_(o2) and n_(e2) for ordinary ray and extraordinary ray, respectively, where n_(o2) >n_(o3) and n_(e2) >n_(e3), and it guides both ordinary ray and extraordinary ray.

In the case of the structure as shown in FIGS. 2 or 3, the LiNbO₃ thin film optical waveguide 12 (or 22) and the LiNbO₃ base layer 13 (or 23) are formed on top of the other by liquid phase epitaxy. This double-layer structure is advantageous over the single-layer structure in which the thin film optical waveguide 12 (or 22) is formed directly on the LiNbO₃ substrate 11 (or 21). In the former case, the thin film optical waveguide 12 (or 22) has much stabler crystallinity and hence has optically better properties. The structure shown in FIG. 2 or 3 provides the base layer 13 (or 23) and the thin film optical waveguide 12 (or 22), both having the outstanding properties, if the LiNbO₃ substrate is doped with MgO or ZnO.

EXAMPLES

The invention will be described with reference to the following examples.

An optical waveguide device which guides ordinary ray only is explained first. It is schematically shown in section in FIG. 1. There is shown an LiNbO₃ substrate 1 which is doped with MgO. On this substrate 1 is formed an LiNbO₃ thin film optical waveguide 2 (which is undoped or doped with a small amount of MgO or an adequate amount of ZnO) by liquid phase epitaxy from a molten solution in which the atomic ratio Li/Nb is higher than 0.985 (so that it has a refractive index n_(e) smaller than that of the substrate 1) and lower than 1.04 (so that it has good crystallinity).

The amount of MgO to be doped into the substrate 1 should be 0.1 to 10 mol %. With an amount less than 0.1 mol %, MgO hardly produces the effect of lowering the refractive index. With an amount in excess of 10 mol %, MgO has an adverse effect on the crystallinity.

The liquid phase epitaxy for the LiNbO₃ thin film optical waveguide 2 employs Li₂ O-B₂ O₃ as the flux. The flux should be free from impurity atoms whose outer shell orbital susceptible to the crystal field in the LiNbO₃ thin film are unfilled with electrons.

Example 1

An LiNbO₃ substrate 1 is made ready. It is a Z substrate which is doped with 5 mol % MgO and has a single domain, with the spontaneous polarization in the direction indicated by the arrow a.

On the +Z surface of the Z substrate is formed an LiNbO₃ thin film optical waveguide 2 by liquid phase epitaxy from a molten solution which contains Li₂ O-B₂ O₃ as the flux.

If the amount of B₂ O₃ in the flux is fixed at 40 mol %, the amount of Li₂ O should be 45-52 mol % and the amount of Nb₂ O₅ should be 15-8 mol %.

The thin film optical waveguide 2 in this example has a low absorption coefficient for the short wavelength light. The dependence of the light absorption coefficient α on the wavelength is shown in FIG. 6.

The curve 61 in FIG. 6 represents the optical waveguide 2 formed by the liquid phase epitaxy which employs Li₂ O-B₂ O₃ as the flux according to Example 1, and the curve 62 in FIG. 6 represents the optical waveguide 2 formed by the liquid phase epitaxy which employs Li₂ O-V₂ O₅ as the flux according to the prior art technology.

In the case of the LiNbO₃ thin film 2 which is formed on the +Z surface of the LiNbO₃ substrate 1 by liquid phase epitaxy, as in Example 1, the spontaneous polarization occurs in the direction which coincides with that (indicated by the arrow a) of the LiNbO₃ substrate 1.

By contrast, in the case of the LiNbO₃ thin film which is formed on the -Z surface of the substrate 1, the spontaneous polarization occurs in the direction opposite to that of the substrate 1.

It is desirable, therefore, that the optical waveguide 2 be formed on the +Z surface in the production of a functional optical waveguide device.

The LiNbO₃ thin film formed by liquid phase epitaxy has the spontaneous polarization whose direction depends on the difference between the magnitudes of spontaneous polarization of the substrate 1 and the thin film 2. If the amount of Li₂ O is less than 45 mol %, the polarization is unstable even on the +Z surface, with reversal noticed partly.

The thin film optical waveguide 2 has the lattice mismatching Δa and crystallinity which vary depending on the amount of Li₂ O in the molten solution for liquid phase epitaxy, with the amount of B₂ O₃ in the molten solution fixed at 40 mol %, as shown in FIG. 7. (The crystallinity is expressed in terms of half band width in X-ray diffractometry.)

In FIG. 7, the curve 71 represents the lattice mismatching Δa and the curve 72 represents the half band width in X-ray diffractometry. It is apparently noted that the lattice mismatching Δa increases with the increasing amount of Li₂ O, whereas the X-ray half band width decreases (or the crystallinity improves) with the increasing amount of Li₂ O. When the amount of Li₂ O exceeds about 54 mol % epitaxy is unlikely to occur. This is indicated by the fact that there are regions in which the thin film exhibits the properties of a mirror and has the good crystallinity.

The LiNbO₃ thin film formed by liquid phase epitaxy has the crystallinity which depends on the amounts of B₂ O₃, Li₂ O, and Nb₂ O₅ in the molten solution, as shown in FIG. 8 (ternary diagram).

The area surrounded by lines passing through points A, B, C, and D is one in which the mirror-like LiNbO₃ thin film is obtained by liquid phase epitaxy. The area surrounded by lines passing through points A, E, F, and G is one in which the LiNbO₃ thin film having almost the same crystallinity as the substrate 1 is obtained.

The compositions at points A to G are shown in Table 1 below.

                  TABLE 1                                                          ______________________________________                                         Point Li.sub.2 O (mol %)                                                                          Nb.sub.2 O.sub.5 (mol %)                                                                   B.sub.2 O.sub.3 (mol %)                         ______________________________________                                         A     53            5          42                                              B     40            5          55                                              C     50           30          20                                              D     60           20          20                                              E     46            5          49                                              F     52           18          30                                              G     57           13          30                                              ______________________________________                                    

This example may be modified such that the LiNbO₃ thin film optical waveguide is doped with MgO or ZnO in an amount much smaller than that of MgO doped into the substrate.

This example may also be modified such that the LiNbO₃ thin film optical waveguide 2 is formed by liquid phase epitaxy on the X surface or Y surface of the substrate 1 in place of Z surface of the substrate 1.

Another embodiment as shown in FIG. 2 is explained below. In this embodiment, the LiNbO₃ thin film optical waveguide 12 is formed on the substrate, with the LiNbO₃ base layer 13 interposed between them, so that the optical waveguide 12 guides extraordinary ray. The sample is prepared by forming on the LiNbO₃ substrate 11 the LiNbO₃ base layer 13 and the LiNbO₃ thin film optical waveguide 12 on top of the other. The LiNbO₃ base layer 13 contains more Li (or is richer in Li) than the LiNbO₃ thin film optical waveguide 12.

Example 2

An LiNbO₃ substrate 11 is made ready. It is a Z substrate which is doped with 5 mol % MgO and has a single domain, with the spontaneous polarization in the direction indicated by the arrow a.

On the +Z surface of the Z substrate are consecutively formed a base layer 13 and an LiNbO₃ thin film optical waveguide 12 by liquid phase epitaxy from a molten solution of Li₂ O-B₂ O₃ -Nb₂ O₅ which contains Li₂ O-B₂ O₃ as the flux, in the same manner as in Example 1.

The base layer 13 is formed such that it contains more Li than the thin film optical waveguide 12. Thus the base layer 13 has a refractive index n_(e) for extraordinary ray which is smaller than that of the thin film optical waveguide 12.

The LiNbO₃ thin film has the refractive index n_(e) for extraordinary ray (at a wavelength of 632.8 nm) which varies depending on the molar ratio (R %) of Nb₂ O₅ to Li₂ O in the molten solution, as shown in FIG. 9. The chain line in FIG. 9 denotes the n_(e) of the LiNbO₃ substrate doped with 5 mol % of MgO.

It is noted from FIG. 9 that the refractive index n_(e) for extraordinary ray (represented by the solid line) decreases with the increasing amount of Li, as in the case shown in FIG. 5.

The foregoing embodiment pertaining to the present invention is effective in guiding extraordinary ray because the Li-rich LiNbO₃ base layer 13 has a smaller refractive index for extraordinary ray than the LiNbO₃ thin film optical waveguide 12. In other words, extraordinary ray is effectively enclosed in the optical waveguide 12.

Since the LiNbO₃ thin film having good crystallinity is formed by liquid phase epitaxy when the ratio R of Nb₂ O₅ /Li₂ O is about 30%, it is necessary that the content of Li in the base layer 13 be greater than that in the thin film optical waveguide 12 when the ratio R is 30% or less.

In this case, the thin film optical waveguide 12 will be effective in guiding both ordinary ray and extraordinary ray if the amount of MgO or ZnO to be doped is properly selected so that the thin film optical waveguide 12 has a greater refractive index for ordinary ray than the base layer 13.

Another embodiment which guides both ordinary ray and extraordinary ray is explained with reference to FIG. 3. There is shown an LiNbO₃ substrate 21 which is undoped or doped with MgO. On the substrate 21 are formed by liquid phase epitaxy a base layer 23 doped with MgO and an LiNbO₃ thin film optical waveguide 22 which is doped with a less amount of MgO than the base layer 23 or doped with a proper amount of ZnO so that its refractive indices n_(o) and n_(e) for ordinary ray and extraordinary ray, respectively, are greater than those of the base layer 23. An example for this embodiment is given below.

Example 3

An LiNbO₃ substrate 21 is made ready. It is a Z substrate which is doped with 5 mol % MgO and has a single domain, with the spontaneous polarization in the direction indicated by the arrow a. On the substrate are consecutively formed a base layer 23 and an LiNbO₃ thin film optical waveguide 22 by liquid phase epitaxy from a molten solution of Li₂ O-B₂ O₃ -Nb₂ O₅ which contains Li₂ O-B₂ O₃ as the flux, in the same manner as in Example 1. The LiNbO₃ base layer 23 and the LiNbO₃ thin film optical waveguide 22 may have the stoichiometric composition (i.e., Li/Nb ≈1), and in this case the LiNbO₃ base layer alone is doped with MgO.

An advantage of this embodiment is that the LiNbO₃ base layer 23 and the LiNbO₃ thin film optical waveguide 22 have good crystallinity and film properties when both of them have the stoichiometric composition.

As mentioned above, the present invention produces the following outstanding effects. According to the present invention, the liquid phase epitaxy employs Li₂ O-B₂ O₃ as the flux. In other words, the flux contains B in which the outer shell orbital susceptible to the crystal field is filled with electrons. Therefore, the epitaxially grown LiNbO₃ thin film is free from the d electron whose energy level is split by the influence of the anisotropic crystal field. For this reason, the LiNbO₃ does not absorb other light than that which it should absorb intrinsically. This ensures the effective guiding of light in the short wavelength region.

Thus the optical waveguide device of the present invention will find use as an optical switch, optical deflector, and optical modulator, which need to handle short wavelength light in the field of optical recording and retrieval.

In addition, the optical waveguide device of the present invention may be constructed such that it guides ordinary ray only or extraordinary ray only. This feature is advantageously applied to an optical device which is used in the field where it is desirable to avoid the entrance of ordinary ray or extraordinary ray.

Moreover, the optical waveguide device of the present invention may be constructed such that it guides both ordinary ray and extraordinary ray according to the object of use and the way in which it is used. Thus the present invention is of great practical use. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An LiNbO₃ thin film optical waveguide device which comprises an MgO-doped LiNbO₃ substrate and a waveguide of thin film epitaxially grown on said substrate from LiNbO₃ which is free from impurity atoms and which acts as an optical absorption center.
 2. A method for producing an LiNbO₃ thin film optical waveguide device, said method comprising forming on an MgO-doped LiNbO₃ substrate a thin film optical waveguide of LiNbO₃ by liquid phase epitaxy which employs Li₂ O-B₂ O₃ as the flux.
 3. An LiNbO₃ thin film optical waveguide device which comprises a substrate of LiNbO₃, and a base layer of (Li_(x1) Nby₁ z₁)NbO₃ and a thin film optical waveguide of (Li_(x2) Nby₂ z₂)NbO₃ formed on said substrate, where is a vacancy, x₁ +y₁ +z₁ =1, x₂ +Y₂ +z₂ =1, and x₁ >x₂.
 4. An LiNbO₃ thin film optical waveguide device which comprises a substrate of LiNbO₃, and an MgO-doped base layer of LiNbO₃ and a thin film optical waveguide of LiNbO₃ formed on said substrate, said thin film optical waveguide being undoped.
 5. An LiNbO₃ thin film optical waveguide device which comprises a substrate of LiNbO₃, and an MgO-doped base layer of LiNbO₃ and a thin film optical waveguide of LiNbO₃ formed on said substrate, said thin film optical waveguide being doped with one member selected from MgO in an amount less than MgO in the base layer and ZnO. 